Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder)

Frozen shoulder can make daily activities painful and limit your arm movement. Our orthopedic specialists can help you regain motion and reduce discomfort.

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Introduction

Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is a condition characterized by stiffness, pain, and limited shoulder motion. It can develop gradually and may make simple tasks, such as reaching overhead, dressing, or grooming, difficult. Early diagnosis and treatment can help improve shoulder movement and reduce long-term discomfort.

What is the Shoulder Capsule?

The shoulder capsule is a soft tissue envelope that surrounds the shoulder joint. It helps stabilize the joint while allowing for a wide range of motion. In frozen shoulder, the capsule thickens and tightens, restricting movement and causing pain.

What Causes a Frozen Shoulder?

Frozen shoulder can develop for several reasons, including:

Shoulder injuries or surgery that limit movement
Repetitive use or overuse of the shoulder
Chronic conditions such as diabetes or thyroid disorders
In some cases, the cause is unknown, which is called primary frozen shoulder

The condition often progresses through stages, starting with pain, followed by stiffness, and eventually gradual improvement over time.

Treatments for Frozen Shoulder

Most cases can be managed without surgery. Treatments may include:

Physical therapy to gently stretch and strengthen the shoulder
Anti-inflammatory medications to reduce pain and swelling
Corticosteroid injections to relieve inflammation and improve motion
Heat or ice therapy to ease discomfort
Manipulation under anesthesia

Do I Need Surgery?

Surgery is rarely needed but may be considered if the condition persists or recurs despite non-surgical treatments and a manipulation under anesthesia. Surgical options aim to release the tightened capsule and improve shoulder mobility.

Recovery and Rehabilitation

Recovery involves consistent physical therapy to restore motion and strength. Pain typically improves first, followed by gradual gains in movement over several weeks or months. Following your rehabilitation plan is key to regaining full function and returning to daily activities comfortably.

References

Redler LH, Dennis ER. Treatment of Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2019;27(12):e544-e554. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-17-00606.

Griggs SM, Ahn A, Green A. Idiopathic Adhesive Capsulitis. A Prospective Functional Outcome Study of Nonoperative Treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82(10):1398-1407.

Forsythe B, Lavoie-Gagne O, Patel BH, et al. Efficacy of Arthroscopic Surgery in the Management of Adhesive Capsulitis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Arthroscopy. 2021;37(7):2281-2297. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2020.09.041.