What Is Bunion Surgery and Why Is It Performed?
The medical term for bunion surgery is a bunionectomy. This procedure is performed to correct the misalignment of the big toe joint—also known as the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. The severity of the bunion determines the type of surgical approach. Your surgeon may remove bone, realign the joint, or fuse it entirely in more serious cases.
The primary goal of bunion surgery is to relieve pain, restore function, and improve toe alignment—especially when conservative treatments have not worked.
How Do You Know If You Need Bunion Surgery?
Surgery is typically considered when bunion symptoms interfere with daily life. Your podiatrist may recommend surgery if:
- You experience constant pain that affects walking or daily activities
- Non-surgical treatments no longer provide relief
- The bunion has severely misshapen your foot
- Your shoes no longer fit comfortably despite adjustments
- You are developing secondary symptoms such as hammertoes or joint stiffness
An evaluation may include a physical exam and X-rays to assess severity before recommending a treatment plan.
What Are the Different Types of Bunion Surgery?
The type of bunion surgery depends on the severity of your condition, foot anatomy, and activity level. Common surgical options include:
- Osteotomy: Realigns the toe by cutting and repositioning the bone, often with screws or pins
- Exostectomy: Shaves off the bony bump without correcting alignment—used for mild bunions
- Arthrodesis: Fuses the joint, commonly used in severe cases or when arthritis is present
- Lapiplasty® 3D Correction: A modern technique that corrects all three dimensions of the deformity and reduces recurrence
What Is the Recovery Process Like After Bunion Surgery?
- Weeks 0–2: Rest, elevation, and minimal walking
- Weeks 2–6: Begin light weight-bearing in supportive shoes or boots
- Weeks 6–12: Resume light activities, possibly begin physical therapy
- Months 3–6: Return to normal activities, though full recovery may take up to a year
It’s normal to experience swelling, stiffness, or mild pain as you heal. Following your surgeon’s post-op instructions is crucial for optimal recovery and long-term success.
Are There Risks or Alternatives to Bunion Surgery?
Like any surgery, bunionectomy carries risks such as infection, nerve damage, stiffness, or recurrence. Fortunately, the procedure has a high success rate when post-op care is followed properly.
Before opting for surgery, many patients benefit from non-surgical treatments such as:
- Custom orthotics or supportive footwear
- Toe spacers and bunion pads
- Anti-inflammatory medications or corticosteroid injections
- Foot taping and physical therapy
While these alternatives won’t correct the deformity, they can relieve pain and slow progression—making surgery a last resort.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is bunion surgery painful?
Mild to moderate post-surgical pain is normal but manageable with medication and rest. Most patients find the discomfort tolerable.
How long will I be off my feet after surgery?
Some patients may avoid weight-bearing entirely at first, while others begin walking in a boot within days to weeks. It depends on the procedure performed.
Will the bunion come back after surgery?
Recurrence is rare but possible. Following your post-op care plan and wearing supportive footwear helps minimize this risk.
Can I wear normal shoes again after bunion surgery?
Yes, though it may take several weeks or months. Prioritize shoes that fit well and provide adequate support.
Is bunion surgery covered by insurance?
Most insurance plans cover bunion surgery if it’s deemed medically necessary. Check with your provider for details.