What Are the Different Types of Bunion Surgery?
Bunionectomy, commonly known as bunion surgery, is an umbrella term for several surgical procedures used to correct a deformed big toe joint. The specific type of surgery depends on the bunion’s severity, your foot’s structure, and overall health.
- Osteotomy: Small cuts are made in the bone to realign the joint using screws, pins, or plates.
- Exostectomy: Best for mild bunions, this procedure shaves the bony bump but does not correct joint alignment. It is often paired with other surgeries.
- Arthrodesis: Ideal for severe bunions or arthritis. The damaged joint surfaces are removed and the bones are fused together.
- Lapidus Procedure: Corrects instability by fusing the misaligned metatarsal joint. Offers long-term correction.
- Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS): Uses small incisions and special tools to reduce tissue disruption and recovery time.
Each type has pros and cons. A thorough exam by an experienced foot and ankle surgeon will help determine the best option.
How Is the Right Bunion Surgery Chosen for Each Patient?
Several factors influence the choice of surgery:
- Severity of the bunion
- Joint flexibility
- Presence of arthritis or other foot issues
- History of foot injury or prior surgeries
Doctors may use X-rays, gait evaluations, and lifestyle assessments to guide treatment. For athletes, mobility-preserving techniques may be prioritized. For arthritis patients, pain relief procedures may be favored.
What Should You Expect During the Surgical Procedure?
- Pre-op: The surgical area is marked, and the surgical plan is reviewed using X-rays.
- During Surgery: Incisions are made over the joint, and the planned corrections are performed.
- Duration: The surgery usually lasts 30–60+ minutes depending on complexity.
- Closure: Incisions are closed with sutures or dissolvable stitches.
Bunion surgery is typically an outpatient procedure, allowing patients to go home the same day.
What Does Recovery Look Like After Bunion Surgery?
- Weeks 1–2: Foot elevation and limited walking. Use of a surgical boot or cast.
- Weeks 3–6: Begin weight-bearing activities and wear wider shoes.
- Weeks 6–12: Start physical therapy to rebuild strength and flexibility.
- 3–6 Months: Most patients resume normal daily activities.
Following post-operative instructions closely is essential to prevent infection, stiffness, or bunion recurrence.
What Are the Risks and Potential Complications of Bunion Surgery?
While bunion surgery is generally safe, risks include:
- Infection
- Nerve damage
- Incomplete joint correction
- Overcorrection (hallux varus)
- Recurrence of the bunion
- Persistent pain or swelling
These risks are minimized when surgery is performed by an experienced specialist and when patients follow recovery protocols.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do I know which type of bunion surgery is right for me?
Your foot and ankle specialist will determine the right type based on a thorough pre-op evaluation.
Will I be able to walk right after surgery?
Most patients can bear some weight with a surgical boot, but activity should be limited in the early days.
Is bunion surgery painful?
Some discomfort is normal during early recovery, but pain is typically manageable with medication.
Can bunions come back after surgery?
Yes, recurrence is possible—especially without proper post-op care. Choosing the right shoes and following medical advice can reduce the risk.
Is minimally invasive surgery as effective as traditional methods?
It can be effective and offers faster recovery, though it may not suit all bunion cases.